February 2003
The National Recovery Program (NRP) is inspired by a vision of a peaceful and prosperous Philippines and a united Filipino citizenry. It advocates social equity as the essence of governance and equality and social justice as the true measures of democracy. The pursuit of this noble vision would tread on a long, circuitous and difficult path and thus, would require structural changes to some institutional restrictions that have been hindering our progress and development.
The dire situation we are in calls for drastic, sweeping reforms and there is no way around it. Political concessions and accommodations will never solve our problems. Therefore, the decisions must be hard and steadfast.
The NRP does not pretend to be a panacea for our country’s problems. Instead, its primary objective is to arrest the rapid spiraling descent of our Republic and lay the foundation for a truly strong Nation. More importantly, it intends to ignite a moral and cultural revolution to finally free us from the clutches of greed, indolence, subservience, ignorance and helplessness that have been ingrained on our psyche through centuries of colonial persecution.
The NRP is a strategic package of policy propositions, which focuses on five key result areas of governance. These are: Peace and Order, Economy, Poverty, Population and Corruption.
PEACE and ORDER
The peace and order problem is the main stumbling block to our country’s progress. We can not develop as a nation as long as lawlessness is prevalent in our society. Economic gains, if any, will be negated and domestic/foreign investments and tourists will be discouraged to come in. Worse, the atmosphere of crime and terror has prevented our citizens from enjoying the blessings of freedom and democracy.
To address the problem more effectively, Peace and Order is dissected into five areas of concern namely: foreign aggression, terrorism, criminality, insurgency and secessionism. Each area is completely diverse with the other and, therefore, each requires a unique strategy for its resolution.
A. Diplomatic solutions to deal with Foreign Aggression
The contested claims for Sabah, Spratly Island Group and the Scarborough Shoals are, at the moment, the potential flashpoints, which could trigger a conflict with other countries. If ever, these would be settled diplomatically by invoking international laws. As an added measure, bilateral ties with concerned countries would be strengthened. This would be a much more peaceful and inexpensive option than engaging in an arms race.
B. War vs. Terrorism
Terrorism is a global concern. We have seen its ugly head many times over, mercilessly killing innocent lives in the guise of pursuing fanatical beliefs or ideology. It must be stopped and the responsibility for its extermination falls not only on the State but on each member of society. This would be achieved through vigilance, relentless exchange of information and highly responsive law enforcement agencies.
C. Campaign against Crime
Criminality is a menace of society. The past decades saw the rapid increase in crime incidence threatening business, tourism and, more importantly, the normal lives of ordinary Filipinos. While it is true that poverty is one root cause of crime, many rich and powerful people also commit these dastardly acts. Either way, there should be nothing to stop the State from protecting the other helpless members of society and applying justice to these criminals.
To effectively deal with criminality however, the other legs of the criminal justice system such as law enforcement, prosecution, judiciary and rehabilitation would have to be reformed.
The following anti-crime measures would be undertaken:
• Reformation of the Philippine National Police (to be discussed below). This would ensure that our laws would be strictly and properly enforced.
• Conduct of entrapment operations directed to corrupt prosecutors/members of the Judiciary
• Cleansing of the Judiciary. The Supreme Court would be urged to cleanse their ranks of hoodlums in robes. All pending cases due for decision should be resolved within 6 months otherwise they would face impeachment (i.e. culpable violation of Sec. 16 of Art III of the Constitution) or direct ouster by the people. The people have “legitimately” done this to an elected President before. Thus, following this line it could also be legitimately done to the Supreme Court. The Judiciary is just as responsible for the present mess in our criminal justice system as the others.
• Reformation of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Any incidence of prisoner escape would mean outright relief/discharge for the jail warden and other responsible personnel. The BJMP facilities would also be improved to enhance the rehabilitation process for prisoners.
• Filing of an anti-crime bill that would, among others, establish a National Identification System.
• Promotion of vigilance in society.
*It should be stressed that in addressing criminality, HUMAN RIGHTS WOULD BE RESPECTED AT ALL TIMES.
D. Ending the Insurgency
The CPP-NPA insurgency has been around for more than thirty years. However, the end of the Cold War in the 90’s had effectively removed the ideological causes for its armed struggle. Still, its demands for social equity and social justice are valid causes that should be dealt with squarely by the State.
To end the insurgency, the following activities would be undertaken:
• Reopening of peace talks with local communist leaders. This would directly tackle the demands of local insurgents so that regional peace could be achieved immediately.
• Rural infrastructure development. The construction of roads, school buildings, health care facilities and mass housing in far-flung barangays to promote social equity.
• Delivery of basic social services. Medical and Dental missions, socio-civic operations and Minimum Basic Needs (MBN) activities would be conducted at far-flung barangays including NPA mass bases.
• Agricultural modernization. Rural employment and economic growth would discourage the rural folk from joining the insurgency.
• Agrarian reform. This would greatly address the problem of social inequity.
• Establishment of the Barangay Intelligence Network. This would enable the National Government (NG) to be abreast of the prevailing social, economic and security conditions in all barangays nationwide.
E. Lasting Peace in Mindanao
The handling of Muslim secessionist groups is much more complicated considering that it has historical, religious, social, economic, cultural, political and military dimensions. Therefore, the strategy to be employed would likewise require a multi-dimensional approach. On the historical and religious facets of the problem, the Muslims and Christians would be made to understand that they are equally essential parts of a composite National Identity that is Filipino. We are all Filipinos and to fight this reality is futile and would only bring more bloodshed than it already has. All of us could be considered victims of history and we could argue and fight to the death and it would still not change our present predicaments. The best thing to do now should be to resolve our differences so that we could jointly move forward to a progressive future for our succeeding generations.
The social, economic, cultural and political dimensions of the problem would be addressed through a truly autonomous government for each major Muslim group (e.g. Tausugs, Maranaos, Maguindanaons, etc.). The failure of the present ARMM is but a manifestation of how the diverse Muslim groups were completely misunderstood.
Finally, those who insist on pursuing secession through arms would leave the State no other choice but to deal with them militarily.
The Abu Sayyaf group, on the other hand, is considered a terrorist group and therefore, would have to be exterminated.
The following activities would be undertaken to finally bring lasting peace in Mindanao:
• Reopening of peace talks with MILF and other Muslim secessionist groups.
• Establishment of Autonomous Muslim Regions for each major Muslim group accompanied by a viable “mini-Marshall Plan” for each. This would finally allow each Muslim Group to completely govern themselves free from any socio-cultural oppression.
• The filing of a bill calling for the institution of a National Identity to foster unity among all Filipinos regardless of social status, religion, ideology and culture.
• Rural infrastructure development. The construction of roads, school buildings, health care facilities and mass housing in far-flung Muslim barangays to promote social equity. The AFP Engineering Brigades could be used for this purpose.
F. Reformation of the AFP/PNP
A key element in the resolution of the above concerns is the reformation of two major organizations primarily responsible for the upkeep of peace and order namely: the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP). Both institutions have been badly damaged and plundered by their treacherously corrupt and power-driven senior officers. While there may still be a few morally upright generals left in the AFP/PNP nonetheless, they have become so insignificant and impotent that they never made any difference.
For us to have any chance of restoring peace and order, these institutions must be reformed, cleansed and restructured.
In the AFP, the funds for modernization, intelligence, operations and maintenance were blatantly and methodically realigned straight to the generals’ pockets and lavish houses. All these were done while their men on the field, the lowly soldiers on foot patrol wearing dilapidated uniforms and using antiquated weapons, were risking their lives fiercely fighting for military victories, which these same generals unashamedly took credit for. These soldiers do not even have their own houses to come home to, as most of them are squatters inside military camps. To top it all, even their retirement pay was not spared as the RSBS was again pillaged by the same military leaders.
The situation in the PNP, as everyone would agree, is much worse. We have policemen engaging in murder, kidnap-for-ransom, robbery, drug trafficking, extortion, bribery and illegal gambling. In short, the very institution that was supposed to protect the welfare of the people is the same institution that is terrorizing them.
To reform the AFP/PNP, the following activities would be undertaken:
1. On Professionalization
• All officers with the rank of Brigadier General/Commodore/Chief Superintendent and up would have to be retired. Should they refuse, they would be placed on floating status. This would give a new face to these organizations – the face of reform. Meritocracy would henceforth be the sole basis for the selection of the new AFP/PNP leaders.
• The tenure of Major Commanders would be fixed. The rapid turnover of officers occupying sensitive positions has resulted in the absence of institutional reforms. The senior officers often treat their present assignments as mere stepping-stones for their next higher assignment. The tenure of every Chief-of-Staff would be fixed at three years. This would ensure that reforms could be implemented and institutionalized. However, an incumbent Chief of Staff may be relieved unceremoniously by the Commander-in-Chief for corruption, incompetence, negligence and other offenses. The following would be the fixed terms of other major commanders: Commanding General, Philippine Army, 3 yrs; Commanding General, Philippine Air Force, 3 yrs; Flag-Officer-In-Command, Philippine Navy, 3 yrs; Chief, PNP, 3 yrs; Commander, Area Commands, 3 yrs; Positions with rank of Major Gen/Radm, minimum of 2 yrs; Positions with rank of Brig Gen/Commo, minimum of 1 yr.
• The number of generals would be reduced.
• Establishment of the Inspector General Service and the Judge Advocate General Service as separate branches of service under the direct operational control of the Commander-in-Chief. This would free these investigation, prosecution and judicial arms of the AFP from the pressures of their superiors so that they could accomplish their mandated tasks with a dispassionate and unbiased perspective.
• The curricula of PMA/PNPA and other military and police training institutions would be revised to include modules focusing on leadership training, character development, patriotism and nationalism.
• Conduct of regular value formation and re-indoctrination activities to inculcate proper values into the hearts and minds AFP/PNP personnel.
2. On structural reforms
• The PNP would be reabsorbed by the AFP. The PNP’s character transformation to being civilian has worked disastrously against the interest of national security and public safety. The re-absorption to the AFP would allow PNP personnel to be subjected to military laws and save the organization from a total breakdown in discipline. Also, this would consolidate the major law enforcement agencies for better control and coordination during joint operations.
• Camp Crame would be dissolved and sold. The PNP headquarters would be relocated to Camp Aguinaldo.
• The AFP J-Staff would be abolished. In its place, a Joint Strategic Staff would be formed composed of the Commanders of the different branches of service and the Chief of Staff, who would be its Chairman. Its primary function is strategic command, control and planning for the entire AFP.
• The ISAFP would be under the direct operational control of the Chief-of-Staff.
• All arms and ammunition of the AFP/PNP, Government Arsenal and other manufacturers would be subjected to an inventory. A database would also be created to facilitate accounting. This would stop the continued pilferage of arms and ammo, which are either sold to the enemies of the State or used in criminal operations.
3. On Morale and Welfare
• Salaries of AFP personnel would be standardized to match their PNP counterparts.
• AFP/PNP personnel in combat areas would receive a combat pay equivalent to 25% of their base pay.
• Mass housing for all AFP/PNP personnel would be prioritized. This would be situated in the vast military reservations nationwide.
• The RSBS would be overhauled to ensure that the retirement pay of all AFP personnel would be guaranteed.
• Improvement of medical facilities and health services for the AFP/PNP personnel and dependents.
• Increase of the subsistence allowance to at least P100 per day.
4. On Operations and Modernization
• Thrust on Internal Security Operations (ISO). All manpower and resources of the AFP/PNP would be focused on the resolution of internal peace and order problems.
• Assist in nation building. AFP Engineering Brigades would be used extensively in the rural infrastructure efforts of the NG. All other AFP/PNP units would increase their conduct of Medical/Dental missions and Civic-Action operations.
• The AFP Modernization Program would be reviewed. Basic requirements for ISO as encapsulated in the Shoot-Move-Communicate-Force protection concept would be satisfied first before embarking on more ambitious projects.
• Intensification of intelligence operations directed against the enemies of the State to include the establishment of the Barangay Intelligence Network.
ECONOMY
According to 2002 reports, our GDP and GNP posted growths of 4.6% and 5.2% respectively. While this may be true, the question is who benefited most from this growth? The poor? The working middle class? Or the upper class?
To better analyze the true state of our economy, we would put forth some hard facts, which were not given as much emphasis. The unemployment rate is over ten percent. Investor confidence is very low and businesses are down. The Agriculture sector has contracted. And our total outstanding external debt as of September 2002 has surpassed $50-billion. To top it all, we have a runaway budget deficit reaching P200-billion that is threatening to halt government operations.
We need to reverse this economic downturn quickly before it totally collapses.
Below are the key economic reforms/activities to be undertaken for our immediate economic recovery:
1. On Fiscal Administration
• Reformation of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and the Bureau of Customs (BOC). (to be discussed below)
• The removal of the 32% income tax limit for high-income earners.
• Strict enforcement of laws against tax evasion.
• Initiation of the repeal of the Automatic Appropriations Law (AAL). This would effectively de-prioritize debt payments. However, the payments for government bonds issued as well as other domestic debts would still be guaranteed by the NG. Also, foreign lending institutions would be assured that debts owed to them would not be written off.
• NG to make representations to developmental banks such as World Bank and Asian Development Bank for immediate debt relief.
• Eradication of bureaucratic corruption. (to be discussed below)
• Crackdown on smuggling operations.
• Implementation of the National Austerity Program. This would be applied to all national government agencies (NGA). The activities under this program would include the following:
a. All NG funded foreign travel would be banned for at least 3 yrs. International conferences earlier committed to by the NG would be attended by the Vice-President and no more than five members of his staff. This alone could save at least P500M annually for the NG and also enable the President to focus more on domestic concerns.
b. The procurement of service vehicles for all NGA’s would be banned. COA would be notified that any payments thereof should be disallowed including procurement circumventions such as “knock-down parts” or substitution.
c. All Presidential Advisers and consultants would be removed.
d. NGA’s/LGU’s/GOCC’s should have no more than two (2) technical consultants each.
e. Salaries and allowances of all Presidential appointees on all GOCC’s and other private corporations to which the NG has a stake on, would be standardized and should never exceed the salary of the President. To ensure compliance, a contract would be executed between the appointee and the NG prior to the former’s appointment stating, among others, that any form of remuneration given in excess of the amount of the salary of the President would be turned-in to the Bureau of Treasury immediately upon its receipt.
f. Expenditures for meetings, conferences, ceremonies, trips, Christmas parties, anniversary celebrations, etc., would be set at a minimum.
g. All NGA’s and LGU’s would practice fuel and electricity cost-reducing measures.
h. Ceremonial functions of the President would be reduced to a minimum.
In sum, the financial surplus expected to be generated through the increased revenue collection, eradication of corruption, crackdown on smuggling, bureaucratic streamlining, National Austerity Program and the repeal of the AAL, would be re-channeled to finance the rehabilitation and reinvigoration of the Agriculture and Industry sectors, infrastructure development as well as to support programs on education and anti-poverty thereby spurring sustainable and equitable economic growth and productivity.
2. On Globalization
Globalization as a paradigm originated from 1st World countries. Thus, it is highly probable that the economists who conceptualized it did not dwell on its possible negative effects on developing countries. More likely, their foremost concern was how to tap the huge but protected 3rd World markets to advance their own economic interests. They shrouded this scheme by preaching that Globalization would ultimately benefit consumers of all nations, as they would now have access to high quality, world-class products at the cheapest price.
However, the impact of Globalization on our country would be catastrophic. The infancy of our Agriculture and Industry sectors could not stand against global standards and would eventually collapse. This would result in the wholesale displacement of farmers and laborers across the country causing social unrest, anarchy and possibly, civil war. In short, in completely embracing globalization we would be risking the survival of our State only for the sake of consumer welfare.
Sadly, however, we are already members of the WTO and so are most countries in the world. Hence, any stand against globalization at this point has become untenable. Still, this should not stop the State from protecting its own interests.
The following activities would be undertaken to countervail the effects of Globalization:
• Review of WTO commitments.
• NG to make representations to WTO to move the full implementation of WTO agreements for another ten years citing national security concerns.
• Protection of the Agricultural sector through the re-imposition of Quantitative Restrictions/Tariff on imported agricultural products.
• Reinvigoration, rehabilitation and modernization of the Agricultural and Industrial sectors through government subsidies.
• Removal of all tariff barriers on imported products and raw materials used extensively for local manufacturing.
• Revisit the “Buy Filipino” policy to help boost the local industries and help foster National Pride on our local products.
• Launch an aggressive marketing campaign for export products utilizing foreign service offices.
• Spearhead the forging of a coalition of 3rd World countries within WTO that would protect the interests of developing countries.
POVERTY
NSCB statistics for 2000 show that of the 15.3 million households in the Philippines, 33.7% fall below the poverty threshold, meaning 5.1 million families could not satisfy their basic needs. This was a 2.4 percentage increase from the poverty incidence in 1997. The poverty problem is also coupled with very minimal access to the basic social services offered by the NG, such as education, health services and shelter.
To alleviate poverty, the best strategy for the short and medium terms would be to generate employment and have at least one member of each family employed. However, the abject poor people in our society who are too sick, too old or too young for employment should receive help right away.
For the long term solution to poverty, the free and easy access to formal education is still the best strategy.
The following activities would be undertaken to alleviate poverty:
• The budget for education would be at least doubled to ensure that the poor would always have free and easy access to formal education.
• The Minimum Basic Needs strategy would be retained but its implementation would now be directly supervised by the Office of the President to facilitate inter-department coordination and to better monitor compliance.
• Establishment of institutional homes for the aged, disabled, mentally sick and street children.
• Rural Development. Rural employment would be generated through labor-intensive infrastructure projects like farm-to-market roads, irrigation facilities, post-harvest facilities, mass housing, school buildings and health care institutions. This would be complemented with provisions for education, health care, electrification and access to potable water.
• Agriculturalization. The renewed thrust towards the protection and rehabilitation of the agricultural sector could provide the impetus for agricultural growth, employment generation and consequently, the eradication of rural poverty. In addition, this would stem the influx of rural poor to the urban areas. The urban poor may even be persuaded to seek opportunities in the rural areas. The Agricultural thrust would include:
a. The immediate implementation of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act.
b. NG mediation for the immediate release of the frozen Coco levy funds to be used for the rehabilitation of the coconut industry.
c. The break-up of cartels on agricultural products.
d. Crackdown on smuggling of agricultural products.
• Wealth distribution through Agrarian Reform.
a. The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) would be given a one-year deadline to complete land distribution after which it would be reduced to a mere branch under the Department of Agriculture. The DAR budget would then be re-channeled to finance Agri-Agra loans.
b. Cooperatives would be promoted and enhanced as tools for the protection of the newly landed as well as to guide them in Agribusiness. It would also serve as conduits for the release of Agri-Agra loans.
c. The conversion of agricultural lands into residential or industrial lands would be banned.
CORRUPTION
Corruption is the bane of our country. Its roots could be traced way back during the colonial era and is now deeply imbedded in our bureaucracy, our culture and our society. Previous administrations have attempted to eradicate corruption through words or actions, only to find out the futility of it all.
But now, there is a way.
Corruption in itself is complex. Corrupt practices should not be lumped together as one form requiring one formula in eradicating it. Each government agency has, through the years, bred its own peculiar type of corruption. Applying conventional anti-corruption strategies of inserting additional checks and balances would only result in the formulation of new ways of circumvention. In the end, the net effect is only additional bureaucratic red tape for the public. Another failed strategy is creating a super Anti-Corruption agency, which has no inkling as to where the corruption occurs.
The participation of the private sector is also not the remedy as they are often party to the commission of corruption. The culture of corruption is as prevalent in the private sector as it is in government.
Corruption, based on where they occur, can be classified into two, Operational and Administrative.
A. Operational Corruption
Operational corruption is where the act occurs as a result or as part of an agency’s operational activity. An example of this is in the BIR wherein the common acts of corruption like bribery and extortion occur during the conduct of its operational activity that is tax collection. Corruption in other revenue collecting and regulating agencies such as Customs, COMELEC, LTO, LRA, etc., falls in this category. The PNP’s corrupt practices of kotong and hulidap also fall under operational corruption.
To effectively deal with this systemic problem, it would likewise require a systemic solution. In other words, the very same agency, which created its own form of corruption, would be the same agency to be used to decimate it. This would be done through performance audits. Performance targets with zero-corruption assumptions would first be set jointly by the agency concerned and the NG. This way, the NG would only need to monitor the performance as compared to the targets to measure the agency’s success or failure in its anti-corruption drive. Agency heads who would fail to reach the imposed targets would be relieved immediately. This would force the agency head to apply the same standard to his subordinates and so on and so forth. Until a cycle of top-to-bottom reforms has been completed in that particular agency.
The following tasks would be undertaken to address operational corruption:
• Reformation of BIR and BOC.
a. All Commissioners/Deputy Commissioners as well as all the District Collectors of BOC and all the Regional and District Officers of BIR would be immediately relieved. This would give a fresh start to these organizations. Meritocracy would be the sole basis for the selection of the new set of revenue officers and collectors.
b. New annual revenue collection targets would be set for both BIR and BOC. All revenue officers and collectors who would reach these targets would receive incentives. But those who fail to reach the targets would be relieved. This would again spark a top-to-bottom cleansing of their agencies since the pressure of trying to reach the targets would force the regional/district heads to set certain targets to their subordinates and subject them to the same performance audit standards.
c. Tax audit of individuals and corporations.
d. Computerization of BIR and BOC.
• Reformation of other NGAs engaged in operational corruption using the same strategy as stated above.
• Computerization of COMELEC and other revenue collecting/regulating agencies.
B. Administrative Corruption
Administrative corruption is a different type altogether. It is where the corrupt act occurs as a result or as part of an agency’s performance of an administrative function. This includes procurement of supplies, equipment and personnel, hiring of services, facilitation of contracts, processing of documents, etc.
To illustrate, one of the administrative tasks of the Philippine Army (PA) is to procure ammunition. Let us assume that according to procurement documents, the PA procured 100,000 rounds of ammunition in the amount of P2 million. Everything in the said documents were in order and had the corresponding signatures and receipts; therefore, the payment was allowed by COA. In truth however, not a single ammunition was delivered. Instead, P1.4 million in cash was given to the Commanding General, PA. The other P600,000.00 was distributed equitably as profits for the supplier and as “lagay” for COA and other significant signatories who facilitated the transaction. This form of administrative corruption is called “conversion” or “ghost delivery”. How could this happen? Collusion. All persons involved in the procurement process were either involved in the pay-off or were forced to sign for fear of their superiors. As for the COA, he/she receives 1-2% equivalent of the total amount indicated in the purchase order to allow the payment for the transaction.
To guard against this type of corruption, the reformation of the Commission on Audit is the key. Under the present system, the COA is the primary instrument of the State in guarding against administrative corruption. Since the government is concededly immersed in corruption, one simple conclusion can be borne out that is – COA has failed miserably in effectively performing its mandate. Worse, it had often been an accomplice to the bureaucratic corruption it was supposed to guard against.
The following are the reasons why some COA auditors have a propensity for such negative bureaucratic behavior: (1) threats/pressure from the heads of NGA’s/LGU’s, (2) boundary exchange or familiarity with officials/offices being audited and (3) simple greed.
The following activities would be undertaken to address administrative corruption:
• The immediate implementation of the Procurement Reform Act.
• The cleansing of all NGA/LGU employee rosters to weed out “ghost” employees.
• Restructuring of COA auditing procedures.
a. Transfer of all tenant COA offices to the Regional Offices. Post-auditing would be done at the security of their own regional offices so as to insulate them from external pressure and prevent boundary exchange.
b. NGA’s documents for auditing that are within the jurisdiction of a Regional COA office would be raffled off to COA auditors to maintain randomness and avoid collusion and bribery during post-audit.
c. Monthly random inspection of supply bodegas of all NGA’s by COA auditors to ensure that the actual inventory reconciles with the quantities stated in the inventory reports. This would do away with such corrupt practices as conversion/ghost delivery and substitution.
POPULATION
In 2002, the Philippines placed third among Southeast Asian countries with the most number of people. The population now stands at more than 80 million people, with a growth rate of 2.3%. At this rate, the population is projected to reach 100 million by 2015.
The country’s rapid population growth has negative effects on economic growth, delivery of basic social services, environment and is one of the primary causes of poverty. To address this problem, there would have to be a shift in the population policy from one that promotes only natural methods of birth control to one that promotes both natural and artificial means of birth control. It should be stressed however, that ABORTION WOULD STILL BE ILLEGAL and would never be condoned.
The following population control measures would be undertaken:
• Declaration of a national policy to control population through natural or artificial means with an emphasis on the need to avert population explosion.
• Distribution of free or affordable artificial contraceptive devices to all health centers nationwide.
• Information campaign on population management subjects such as responsible parenthood, family planning, reproductive health and proper use of contraceptives.
• Inclusion of value formation activities in the curricula of Secondary or Tertiary levels of education.
• Church-State Dichotomy. The separation of Church and State is guaranteed by the Constitution. Hence, it is the role of the State to apply whatever strategy it could effectively use to address a particular crisis. In this case, in dealing with the population problem, the strategy to be employed by the State is to make artificial contraceptive devices accessible to the people and allow them to freely choose the appropriate birth control method that is suitable for them. The role of the Church on the other hand, is to influence its own flock whether or not to use such devices instead of interfering directly with State policies.
